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Polling the Server does not require any JavaScript. Whatever Python code you use to update the web page, you can use a Timer component to run it again, periodically.
If you want all the check-boxes to operate independently, then you will likely need each one to have its own database record. Otherwise, conflicts can occur when two different users (unknowingly) try to write to the same record. (Example: a record with two check-boxes, A and B, initially unchecked. User 1 checks box A, and leaves B unchecked. User 2 does the reverse. Which version of the record should survive: the one with only A checked, or only B? If A and B are in different records, though, then no such conflict can occur.)
At the moment, I’m not aware of any mechanism that would push data from the Server to the Browser. All Browser-side activity is driven by code executing in the Browser.