They seem to be two different things. From the very top of the documentation you linked to:
Note
The Python runtime does not enforce function and variable type annotations. They can be used by third party tools such as type checkers, IDEs, linters, etc.
The typing module allows us to tag variables and functions with types, but Python does absolutely nothing with them. We need a type checker like MyPy to enforce those types.
I stumbled across this older thread looking for this exact feature. Just a little bit ago, I spent 20 minutes trying to figure out why strptime wasn’t working even though my format string was correct. Then I realized I had flipped the arguments. 
Type checking would be very, very helpful.